Muhraja's apres' ski & nocturnal English language course centre
Nouns (majina)
Muhraja's après ski & nocturnal English language program
Home: Tembelea mambo yafuatayo chini kwa kucklick unachokitaka kuhusu "nouns"
Nouns: wanyama: wadudu: kazi: matunda: viungo vya chakula: mboga za majani: vyakula: nafaka: mavazi: majumba ya umma: siku za wiki: kuhesabu: mielekeo: magonjwa: rangi: Vyombo vya chakula: Viungo vya mwili: Viburudisho: uhusiano: nyama: vifaa vya nyumbani: namna gani majina hubadilika.
Katika lugha yoyote tunayoisoma ni bora sana tuanze na kusoma majina ya vitu mbalimbali katika lugha hiyo.
Kwani uhakika ni kuwa jina halibadiliki kwa njia yoyote ile. kwa maana hiyo basi, tunaanza na majina ya vitu, majina au jina kwa Lugha ya Kiingereza huitwa "NOUNS". (hutamkwa kwa OU-1 yaani "OU" ya kundi la kwanza tulilosoma ambalo husomwa herufi hizo mbili kama "AU", kwa maana hiyo itatamkwa "nauns")
"Noun" ni jina la kitu chochote, sehemu, mahali au mtu n.k. Mfano wa "noun" ni kama "Boy, girl, man, woman, school, Muhsin, Hilal, tree, pain, cold, hot, mango, cousin" na kadhaalika.
Nouns (majina) mengine ni kama "hospital, police station, bus station, school, shop, town, mosque, church, market, auction mart,
Kuna nouns ziitwazo "Proper nouns" na "Common nouns". tazama maelezo hapo chini.
Proper nouns ni nouns ambazo humtaja mtu maalum kwa jina lake halisi, au mahali
au kitu tena kwa jina halisi. mfano wa proper nouns ni Dar Es Salaam, Temeke, Tanzania, Kenya,
Uganda, Kwa upande wa majina ya mahali, amma kwa majina ya watu ni kama Muhseen,
Ahmad, Hilal, Abdurrahmaan, Nurdiyn, Ali, Hamza na kadhaalika. Kwa upande wa poper nouns
za vitu ni Mercedes Benz, Datsun, Toyota n.k
Common nouns ni nouns ambazo humtaja mtu yeyote, kitu chochote au mahala
popote. Mifano ya common nouns ni country, city, president, ambassador, lorry,
wheel barrow na kadhaalika.
Tofauti kati ya common nouns na proper nouns ni kuwa proper nouns ni mahsuus, yaani khaaswa
kwa vitu au watu maalum au mahali maalum. na common nouns sio mahsus bali ni jamii ya vitu au watu
yaani ni kitu au mtu au mahala popote.Tumetaja Toyota kama "proper noun" kutoka kwenye 'cars'
ambayo ni common. kwenye "cars" kuna Datsun, Toyota, Mitsubishi n.k
Sifa za proper nouns ni kuwa huanza kwa herufi kubwa hata ikiwa na neno zaidi ya moja. mfano,
Kilimanjaro Muslims Students Association.
Tunazo "nouns" za namna mbalimbali kama vile yale yanayohesabika na yale yasiyo hesabika, majina ya vitu vinavyohesabika kama vile, "A boy" yaani mvulana, ambapo hujulikana ni mmoja, na wakiwa wengi hujulikana ni wangapi kwa kule kuhesabiwa, huitwa majina ya kuhesabika ambapo kwa Kiingereza hujulikana kama "count nouns". Na majina ya namna hii huweza kuwekwa katika umoja au wingi, Mifano;
Ikiwa 'Common Noun' (jina hilo) lamtaja mtu au kitu kimoja, Nouns (jina hilo) ni singular (umoja)
N.b: Kumbuka kuwa, katika mada yetu hii tunajihusisha sana na 'common nouns'.
Singular plural
Stove stoves
Spoon spoons
Nose noses
fire dog fire dogs
Computer computers.
Lakini ikumbukwe kuwa hapa ni kwa 'countable nouns' (majina ya vitu vihesabikavyo) pekee, sio
kwa vitu visivyo hesabika kama vile 'fire' (moto), sugar (sukari) n.k. angalia mifano ya vitu vihesabikavyo hapo chini na namna ya kuvihesabu;
Two boys.
Three dogs,
Seven jackfruits na kadhaalika.
tazama mifano zaidi hapo chini
Baadhi ya ‘nouns’ huishia na ‘y’ baada ya kufuatiwa na ‘consonant’.( yaani herufi zilizoitangulia ‘y’ ambayo ndiyo ya mwisho ziwe ni herufi zote isipokuwa ‘vowel’ (a, e, I, o, u). mfano, ziwe mojawapo kati ya hizi;
By, au cy, dy, fy, gy, hy, jy, ky, ly, my, ny, py, qy, ry, sy, ty, vy, xy, wy, zy ‘nouns’ zinazo ishia kama kama hizo na ni ‘countable nouns’(majina ya vitu vihesabikavyo). Huondolewa ‘y’ ikiwa katika plural (wingi)(herufi ya mwishoni na kuwekwa badala yake herufi tatu, yaani ‘ies’)
Tazama mifano hapo chini;
SINGULAR PLURAL
A baby babies.
An army armies.
A fly flies.
A city cities.
A body bodies.
A cry cries
A nappy nappies
A poppy poppies
Kumbuka kuwa sio kila noun yenye kuishia na ‘y’ huongezewa ‘ies’ mwishoni, bali ni zile zilizofuatiwa na consonants tu kama tulivyoonyesha hapo juu. Ama ikiwa herufi ‘y’ imetanguliwa na vowel, tutaongezea s kama kawaida mwishoni. Mathalan;
SINGULAR PLURAL
Boy boys.
Toy toys
Zipo pia nouns ambazo hazifuati kanuni hizi tulizozitaja, na ni nouns ambazo waweza kukutana nazo mara kwa mara. Hizi ni baadhi tu;
SINGULAR (Umoja) PLURAL. (wingi)
Man men
Woman women.
Child children.
Foot feet.
Ox oxen.
Thesis theses.
Buffalo buffalo.
Tooth teeth.
Louse lice.
Mouse mice.
Sheep sheep.
Deer deer.
Crisis crises.
Oasis oases.
Majina (nouns) nyingine huishia na herufi ‘f’, majina kama haya yakiwa katika wingi hubadilika kwa kuongezewa herufi ‘ves’ baada ya kuondolewa herufi ‘f’. Tazama mifano hapo chini;
SINGULAR PLURAL.
Leaf leaves
Half halves.
Wolf wolves.
Hoof hooves.
Wife wives.
Knife knives
Life lives.
Sio yote yanayoishia na ‘f’ au ‘fe’ yataongezewa ‘ves’ baada ya kuondolewa ‘f’. Bali tu machache sana yatabaki kama yalivyo na kuongezewa s mwishoni.mifano katika maneno hapo chini.
Roof, belief, proof, safe, chief.
Kwa kawaida katika Kiingereza tunapoongelea idadi ya vitu, tunataja kwanza namba ya idadi vile vitu na kisha tunafuatilizia kwa jina lake, Kwa Kiswahili ni tofauti na hivi. katika Kiswahili tunataja kwanza vile vitu na kisha kukifuatiliza kwa namba yake ya idadi.
Mfano;
Katika Kiswahili tunasema, "Mapera manne", Watoto saba, Kijiji kimoja' na kadhaalika.
Kwa Kiingereza yatakiwa kusema katika hali hii hapa chini.
Manne mapera, saba watoto, Kimoja kijiji. Na hivyo kwa maana hiyo basi, maneno hayo yatakuwa kama hivi hapo chini.
"Four guavas, seven children, One village."
Namna ya kuandika Kiingereza na Kutamka: Jina lolote la kiingereza lililo na umoja na wingi, huongezewa
- 's mwishoni kwa ajili ya kuthibitisha wingi wake, mfano: A car (kaa) wingi wake ni cars (kaaz) (yaani magari)
A goat (got) maana yake mbuzi (mmoja) wakiwa wengi utaongezea s" na itasomeka kama (goats) (gots)
Kwa majina yaishiayo na 'y' yakiwa yemefuatiwa na konsonanti nyuma yake mfano "a bakery" "a salary"
"a strawberry". maneno mengine ni kama vile;
"An enemy" "a baby" "a bunny" "a puppy" yote haya huondolewa heruti ya mwisho ("Y) na kuwekwa sehemu iliyoondolewa herufi tatu, nazo ni "-ies" kwa maana hiyo basi. maneno hayo hapo juu wingi wake utakuwa unaandikwa kama ifuatavyo:
UMOJA WINGI
"A bakery" (Bekari/ sehemu ya kuoka mikate) Bakeries (bekariz)
"A Salary" (salare /mshahara) Salaries (salariz)
A strawberry (strobari/ tunda nyanya) Strawberries. (strobariz)
"An enemy" (enemi/ adui) enemies (enemiz)
"Baby" (beibi/ mtoto) babies (beibiz)
"A bunny" (bani / mtoto wa sungura) bunnies (baniz)
"A puppy" (papi / mtoto wa mbwa) puppies. (papiz)
"A Pony" (poni/ mnyama fulani aina ya punda) ponies.
WINGI KATIKA MAJINA YAISHIAYO NA "sh" "x" "ss" "z" "ch"
Kwa kawaida majina ya vitu vinavyo hesabika yanayoishia na herufi zilizo tajwa hapo juu, yakiwa katika hali ya wingi huongezewa herufi mbili bila kuondolewa herufi yoyote za mwhisho katika herufi zake. herufi zinazoongezwa ni "es" na kutamkwa kwake ni kwa kutajwa wazi "e" "na 's" . kwa mfano : lioness itakapoongezewa wingi na kuwa " lioness" ambayo hutamkwa kama "layoneses"
mfano wa majina ya vitu hivyo ni
UMOJA (matamshi yake) WINGI
Bush (bush) bushes (bushes)
Brush ( brash) brushes .(brashes)
Box (boks) boxes. (bokses)
Princess (prinses) princesses. (prinseses)
Branch (branch) branches (branches).
NAMNA YA KUANDIKA NA KUTAMKA KWA JINA LINAOISHIA NA "O" LIKIWA KAIKA WINGI.
Upo utaratibu wa kuandika wingi katika jina lililoishia na irabu "o". Hili hutamkwa kwa kuongezewa herufi mbili yaani "es" mwishoni bila kuondolewa kwa herufi yoyote wakati wa kuandika herufi hizi mbili. hapa nitatoa mifano michache tu.
UMOJA WINGI
Mango (mengo) mangoes
Mosquito (moskwito) mosquitoes
Tomato (tomato) tomatoes.
Potato (poteito) potatoes
Hapa yabidi tuwe waangalifu maan yake sio kila jina litakalokuwa limeishia na herufi hii litaongezewa "es" likiwa katika wingi, hapa ni kwa yale majina yaliyo na asili kabisa ya Kiingreza na yamekubalika kupewa kanuni hii, kwani yapo maneno mengine yamekopwa katika lugha mbalimbali, mfano Kijapani tuna neno "kimono" na katika lugha nyingine tuna maneno kama "piano" .maneno kama haya hayatachukua kanuni hii bali yataongezewa tu "S" mw2ishoni kama yalivyo.
Mfano:
UMOJA WINGI
Kimono kimonos
Piano pianos
Bongo bongos
N.B Ikumbukwe hapo juu kuwa maneno kama
"boy" "toy" "key" n.k yanaishia na "y" lakini hayatakuwa na sheria ya kuondolewa "Y" na kuingizwa "ies"
kwa kuwa yenyewe yamekosa hali moja miongoni mwa tulizozitaja, "y" iliyopo mwishoni haikufuatiwa na konsonanti bali imefuatiwa na irabu (a, e, i, o, u)
Kwa maana hiyo basi
Boy wingi wake utakuwa ni "boys"
Toy wingi wake utakuwa ni "toys"
Key wingi wake utakuwa ni "keys"
Maneno yenye wingi unaogeuza katikati ya neno: yapo majina ya Kiingereza ambayo yakiwa katika wingi hubadilisha katikati ya neno hilo kabisa: angalia mfano wa maneno hayo hapo chini:
Jina linavyotamkwa Maana yake Wingi wake
Tooth (tuuth) Jino teeth
Goose (guuz) bata maji geese.
Mouse (maus) panya mice.
Louse (lusi) chawa lice.
nategemea kuwa hadi hapa nitakuwa kwa kiasi fulani nimeeleweka na ninataraji kuendelea baadaye tukijaaliwa katika kuendeleza hapa tulipofikia juu ya wingi na umoja, lakini hadi hapa msomaji akitumia kanuni hizi natumaini zitaweza kumsaidia kwa kiasi kikubwa sana.
sasa basi tuu
Amma yale yasiyo hesabika kama vile "AIDS (yaani UKIMWI, na kadhaalika kama nilivyoonyesha hapo chini, hujulikana kama "Non count nouns. Kuna aina za majina za "nouns" hizi, tazama hapo chini.
Mifano ya majina yasiyohesabika ni kama;
Sugar, water, flour, air, rice, dust, etc. Vile vile yapo majina ya vitu visivyo gusika, bali huhisika tu
Mfano, knowledge, beauty, anger, fear, love. Yaani kwa Kiswahili ni, utaalamu, uzuri, ghadhabu, woga, upendo. Hizi hazina wingi kamwe,na hutumika katika umoja tu. Hatuwezi kusema
"sugars, waters, na kadhaalika.
magonjwa /hali za kiafya |
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anthrax | the flu | rickets |
AIDS | influenza | shingles |
arthritis | measles | smallpox |
chicken pox | mumps | tetanus |
diabetes | rabies | tuberculosis |
MATUKIO YA KIASILI: |
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chill | fog | light | sleet |
cold | frost | lightning | snow |
darkness | gravity | mist | sunshine |
dew | hail | nature | thunder |
electricity | heat | oxygen | water |
energy | humidity | pressure | wind |
fire | ice | rain |
RECREATION: |
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archery | bridge | jogging | surfing |
aerobics | checkers | kickball | swimming |
badminton | chess | lawn darts | tennis |
baseball | football | poker | water polo |
bowling | hockey | soccer | volleyball |
NYAMA |
YABISI |
Mali ghafi |
METALI |
bacon | chocolate
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cloth | gold |
beef | ice cream
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glass | silver |
chicken | soap | paper | iron |
pork | bread (bread) | concrete | steel |
lamb | ice | plastic | brass |
ham | cheese | cotton | copper |
venison | mold | wool | mercury |
meatloaf | lard | wood | lead |
pastrami | wax | coal | chrome |
ABSTRACT CONCEPTS: |
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advice | freedom | intelligence | patriotism | significance |
anger | fun | justice | peace | sleep |
applause | happiness | knowledge | permission | space |
beauty | hatred | laughter | proof | strength |
confidence | health | laziness | pride | time |
courage | help | leisure | progress | truth |
curiosity | homework | love | recreation | trouble |
education | honesty | luck | relaxation | violence |
energy | hospitality | lust | sanity | wealth |
enjoyment | ignorance | music | satisfaction | wisdom |
equality | importance | news | selfishness | work |
evidence | information | patience | serenity | youth |
Maji maji/vimiminika |
Mifano: |
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water | soda | beer |
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tea | bleach | wine | |
coffee | ammonia | gravy | |
cola | gasoline | soup | |
milk | kerosene | oil | |
juice | anti-freeze | blood | |
lemonade | paint | saliva | |
cream | glue | urine | |
syrup | lava | sweat |
HEWA |
Mifano: |
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air | helium | smoke |
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smog | pollution | bad breath | |
methane | neon | steam | |
hydrogen | ozone | mist | |
oxygen | vapor | nitrogen |
MASOMO / FANI ZA MASOMO |
MIFANO: |
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English 101 | biology | geology |
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history | accounting | psychology | |
economics | Chinese 201 | language arts | |
photography | political science | vocabulary | |
physics | mathematics | grammar |
BIDHAA KATIKA CHEMBECHEMBE |
MIFANO: |
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rice | dirt | salt |
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corn | sand | pepper | |
barley | gravel | flour | |
wheat | grass | sugar | |
cornmeal | lint | oregano | |
oatmeal | dust | cinnamon |
WHOLE GROUPS MADE COMPOSED OF SIMILAR ITEMS: |
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kUNDI |
SEHEMU |
Mifano: |
MAIL:
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postcard letter bill magazine note |
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BAGGAGE:
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suitcase overnight bag duffle bag cosmetics case garment bag |
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MONEY:
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dollar bill quarter dime nickel penny |
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FRUIT:
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banana peach strawberry watermelon |
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JEWELRY:
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ring watch bracelet necklace earring |
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FURNITURE:
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sofa chair table desk bed |
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GARBAGE: |
food wrapper banana peel box carton |
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SCENERY: |
mountain lake waterfall valley |
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TRAFFIC:
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car truck motorcycle police car bus |
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EQUIPMENT:
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stapler computer machine scissors telephone |
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PROGRESS | ||
BREAD | loaf bun pastry |
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ADVICE
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TROUBLE | ||
WEATHER | ||
TRAVEL | ||
INFORMATION:
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fact tip note statistic
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