canoksanhilal Online Swahili English Page

PRESENT PERFECT NA SIMPLE PAST.

kila wakati twatumia present perfect wakati wakati wa kitendo sio muhimu kwetu kuujua au haukutajwa.

Kila wakati twatumia simple past wakati maelezo kuhusu wakati wa kitendo au mahali yametajwa au yamehitajiwa.

Fananisha:

   Kuna pia mielekeo tofauti ambayo mara nyingi huwa ni muhimu kuliko kidokezo cha wakati

"What did you do at school today?" ni swali linalohusu shughuli, na linaonyesha kuwa muda wa shule umekwisha.hili lina maana kwa Kiswahili kuwa "Ulifanya nini shuleni leo". (Wakati uliopita)
"What have you done at school today?" Ni swali linalohusu matokeo ya kitendo/shughuli ulichofanya/uliyofanya; yaani "Nionyeshe" (kitu ambacho umefanya shuleni leo) na hujali wakati wa kuongea kama kimalizio cha siku ya kuhudhuria shule. hili lina maana kuwa "Kitu gani umefanya shuleni leo?"

PRESENT PERFECT ikiwa inafuatiwa na maneno kama  'ever, never, already, yet'

  Kabla hatujaendelea na mada yetu hii, yabidi kurejea katika maana halisi ya maneno haya kwa Kiswahili, ieleweke kwanza kuwa, maneno "Ever", "Never", "Already", na "Yet" ni vielezi Adverbs yaani vielezi ni maneno yanayo sifia verbs.

  Adverbs (vielezi) hivi vina kwa mada hii vina maana kama ifuatavyo kwa Kiswahili "Ever" =wahi, never= kamwe,(hata siku moja), abadan,  Already = zamani,tayari, zama. Yet = bado. Adverbs ever na never huelezea wazo au kudokeza tukio la wakati usioeleweka (Usioelezeka) kabla ya sasa. Mfano; "Have you ever been to Zanzibar?

"Have you ever eaten ugali?"             (Je, umeshawahi kula ugali?)

"Have you ever visited Dar es Salaam?

'Ever' hutumika

i. Kwenye maswali mfano.
Have you ever been to Zanzibar?
Has she ever met the President?

ii. Katika sentensi za maswali ya makanusho (negative questions) mfano.
Haven't they ever been to Kilimanjaro?
Haven't you ever eaten fish?

iii. na katika maelezo ya makanusho (negative statements) twatumia vipande vya maneno kama nothing.......ever, nobody.......ever mfano.
Nobody has ever passed this examination before.
Nothing like this has ever happened to us.

Nobody have I ever seen with good habit as Hilal.

iv. 'Ever' hutumika pia kwa neno "The first time" kumaanisha kuwa Mara ya kwanza (kuwahi kufanya kitendo/kuwa katika hali  fulani' mfano.
It's the first time (that) I've ever eaten snails.
This is the first time I've ever been to Zanzibar.

'Never' Humaanisha "hapakuwa na wakati kabla ya sasa kufanya kitu fulani" na iko sawa na kusema kwa kutumia kifungu cha maneno "not ......ever; mfano;
 

I have never visited Nairobi.

Kuwa mwangalifu!
Lazima usitumie never na not pamoja; ikawa hivi   "I have never not done it"    bali iwe

"I have never done it.

Already na yet:

Already hurejea kitendo ambacho kimefanyika katika wakati kabla ya sasa ambao haukutajwa. hudokeza kuwa, haihitajiki kurudiwa rudiwa. Mfano.
i.  I've already eaten three mangoes before arriving here.   (=Nimekula maembe matatu kabla sifafika hapa na unanipa lingine)
ii. Don't bath the baby, I've already done it.

Hutumika pia katika maswali:mfano;
i.  Have you already bath the baby?
ii. Has she finished her homework already?

yet hutumika katika maelezo ya makanusho na maswali kumaanisha (bado) ndani ya kipindi cha wakati kabla ya sasa na sasa. bado hadi sasa, mfano.
i.   Have you met Abdu yet?
ii.  I haven't visited the supermarket yet.
iii. Has he arrived yet?
iv. They haven't eaten yet.

Mahali pake: Yet kwa kawaida huwekwa mwishoni mwa sentensi.

PRESENT PERFECT + for, since

   Kutumia present perfect, twaweza tukaelezea kipindi cha wakati kabla ya sasa kwa kuzingatia wakati wa kudumu kufanyika kile kitendo (Mfano, saa moja, masaa matatu, mwezi n.k) ikiwa imefuatiwa na neno "for" + kipindi cha wakati huo au kwa kuzingatia wakati wa kitendo hicho0 kuanza ikiwa imefuatiwa na neno since + tendo katika muda wake.

For + kipindi cha wakati wa kufanyika kwa tendo :

for six years, for a week, for a month, for hours, for two hours.
I have worked here for five years.

Since + tendo katika muda wake tangu kuanza:

          Since he left school, he has drunk liquor.

          Since we launched the attack here, many people have fled.

since this last month, since last year, since yesterday, Since Monday,
since I was a pupil, since this afternoon, since 4 o'clock.
I have worked here since 1990.

Mifano zaidi:

present perfect ikiwa na neno "for":

a. She has lived in Dar es Salaam for nine years.
b. We have taught at this school for a long time.
c. Alice has been married for three months.
d. They have been in Nairobi for a week.

present perfect na neno  "since":

a. She has lived in Tanga since 1980.
b. We have taught at this school since 1965.
c. Alice has been married since March 2nd.
d. They have been in Nairobi since last Tuesday.

Kumbuka!
1. For na since vyaweza vyote viwili kutumiwa katika past perfect.
2. Since yaweza pekee kutumiwa katika perfect tenses, pia for yaweza pia.

  kAMA ULIVYOONA KATIKA BAADHI YA SENTENSI NI KUWA;

  Present perfect huweza kutumika kwa vitendo vitokeavyo katika kipindi kisichoisha.

Sio hivyo tu, bali kipindi hicho kisichokwisha chaweza kuonyeshwa kwa "Today" (leo), this morning, this afternoon n.k

  Kumbuka kuwa present perfect yaweza kutumika na "This morning"  hadi saa moja kamili hivi, kwa sababu baada ya "This morning"huwa ni kipindi kamili na kitendo kitakachotokea nje ya hapo yabidi kiwe katika simple past

Ikiwa kuna kijana aitwaye Tom na tunamuelezea kufanya kitendo alichofanya kabla ya saa tano na sisi tunaongea wakati huo saa tano itakuwa hivi;

  Mfano, (Saa tano kamili asubuhi) utasema " Tom has rung up three times this morning."

             (Saa nane mchana)      "Tom rang up three times this morning"

  Tazama sentensi ya kwanza na ya pili, ya kwanza ni kwa kuwa kitendo tangu kifanyike haijapita muda wa saa moja tangu kiishe, tumekiongelea, na ya pili ni kwamba umepita muda mrefu kidogo zaidi ya saa moja tangu kifanyike'

  Hadi kufikia hapa ninakutakia kila la kheri na uendelee kututembelea tena katika mtandao

Karibu tena ututembelee                                                                                     Tuma maoni yako kwa canoksan@yahoo.com au                                                                                   hilalshukri@yahoo.com

   Imeandaliwa na Muhseen na Hilal tarehe 27 June 2002