TENSES

    PAST PERFECT

 Past perfect, Kanuni au muundo wake.

       Sentensi zake huundwa kwa neno "had" likifuatana na past participle; soma kwa makini sana maelezo haya na utazame mifano hapo chini uone uundwaji wake katika hali mbalimbali kama tulivyodhihirisha hapo chini, mwisho unatakiwa ujaribu kutunga sentensi zako mwenyewe na ulinganishe muundo wa sentensi zako na sentensi hizo,
      Past Perfect tense katika Kiingreza imegawanyika katika sehemu kuu mbili: past tense ya verb to have (had) + na past participle ya kitenzi kikuu.

Subject had

past participle
We had denied...


Affirmative (maelezo)

 

 

She

had

given.
Negative (ukanusho)    
We hadn't asked.
Interrogative (Maulizo)    
Had they arrived?
Interrogative negative (Maulizo makanusho)
Hadn't you finished?

   Itakumbukwa kuwa katika lugha ya Kiswahili, tuna hali zote hizo nne za sentensi zilizotajwa hapo juu, ili urejee na kulielewa somo letu, angalia kwa ufupi mifano hii,

 Affirmative:   Nilikuwa nimekula chakula (inamueleza kwa kukiri kufanyika kitendo)

  Negative: Nilikuwa sijala chakula (inamueleza kwa kukanusha kufanyika kwa kitendo)

   Interrogative: Je, nilikuwa nimekula chakula? (Inauliza kwa njia ya kukiri kufanyika kwa tendo)

    Interrogative negative: Je, sikuwa nimekula chakula? (inauliza kwa njia ya kukanusha)

Mfano: to deny, Past perfect (deny = kataa)

Affirmative

Negative

Interrogative

I had denied

I hadn't denied

Had I denied?

You had denied

You hadn't denied

Had you denied?

He, she, it had denied

He hadn't denied

Had she denied?

We had denied

We hadn't denied

Had we denied?

You had denied

You hadn't denied

Had you denied?

They had denied

They hadn't denied

Had they denied?

   Kazi za past perfect,
  Past perfect hurejea wakati mapema kidogo kabla ya sasa hivi. Hutumika kuweka bayana kuwa tukio moja limefanyika kabla ya jingine katika kipindi kilichopita. Haidhuru kitendo au tukio gani lililotanguliwa kutajwa kwanza kabla ya jingine - tense hii huweka bayana kabisa (huweka wazi)ni lipi tukio limetangulia kwanza.

  Katika mifano hii, tukio A ni la kwanza, na tukio B ni la pili au lililofuatia:

a.

Hilal had gone out

as you arrived back.

Tukio A

tukio B
b.

I had saved my document

before the computer crashed.

Tukio A

Tukio B
c.
When they arrived
we had already started cooking
Tukio B
Tukio A
d.
He was very tired
because he hadn't slept well.
Tukio B
Tukio A

Past perfect + just
'Just' hutumika ikiwa na past perfect kurejea tukio ambalo lilikuwa limefanyika muda mfupi tu mapema kabla ya sasa, mfano.

a. The bus had just left as I arrived at the terminal.
b. She had just left the room when the police arrived.
c. I had just put the washing out when it started to rain.

  Mwisho wa somo hili unashauriwa ufanye mazoezi ya kutosha ili uwe mzoefu na uelewe vyema utumiaji wa tenses katika Lugha ya Kiingereza;