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Karibu sana ujifunze Kiingereza katika lugha yako                                                                                                                   tunategemea kusikia maoni yako punde                                                                                                               usisahau kututembelea hivi karibuni na kutushauri kwa anuani zetu ili upate huduma bora zaidi                                                                                                                Karibu tena

   The past perfect tense  (wakati uliopita hali timilifu)     

        Natumaini kuanza na kanuni au mfumo wa kutengeneza sentensi katika past perfect, kwanza kabisa ni wajibu kuzingatia kuwa, kila tense ina matumizi na kanuni zake, utakavyoongea katika present perfect sio kama utakavyo eleweka kwa maana hiyo hiyo katika present simple, present progressive au present perfect progressive, kila moja ina matumizi yake na sheria zake. na tutizame kwanza kanuni za utengenezaji wa sentensi hizi;

  Tense hii hutengenezwa na neno "had" likifuatiwa na past participle ya verb; tazama mifano hapo chini;

  Ikiwa katika affirmative form huwa kama hivi

     Ikiwa katika negative form huwa kama ifuatavyo;

   Na ikiwa ipo katika interrogative huwa inaanza kwa neno had, nalo huwa kama ifuatavyo;

Wakati ikiwa katika negative interrogative (maulizo ya kukanusha)  huwa kama ifuatavyo

 Neno Had not huwa mwanzoni ya sentensi na kufuatiwa na subject kisha past participle ya verb (kitenzi husika)

  Mfano, Had not he gone? kwa kifupi tunaandika au kuuliza kama hivi,

 Hadn't he gone? 

Hadn't they taken it?

  Tazama mifano zaidi na kanuni za kutunga sentensi hizo kama ilivyoonyeshwa katika jedwali hapo chini,

Wakati tunapohitaji kuonyesha kuwa vitendo viwili vilivyofanyika wakati uliopita na kimoja kilimalizwa kabla ya cha kwanza, tunaweka kitendo kilichomalizwa katika past perfect tense na kitendo kingine chochote katika sentensi hiyo hiyo moja kiwe katika simple past tense.

       katika sentensi hii, kitendo cha mwanzo kutokea ni "tired" na kilichofuatia ni "sleep" (past tense ="slept")

  Ni lazima tujue kuwa past perfect ni wakati uliopita wa present perfect tazama mifano hapa chini.

Mfano: Chukulia kuwa wewe unaitwa Abudu, na una rafiki yako ndio amekuja tu hivi kukutembelea na anaingia tu ndani wewe ndio umemalizia tu chakula. labda unataka kumuambia rafiki yako, "Yaani ndio nimekula sasa hivi"

 Utasema;

 "I have just eaten"

 ikiwa  mgeni au rafiki yako huyo aliyekutembelea na akakuta umeshakula tayari, akimuhadithia mwenziye atasema hivi, "Nilipofika nilimkuta Abudu ameshakula atasema hivi"

  "When I arrived Abudu had just eaten."

  Ikiwa wewe umechelewa kufika shule, na wakati umefika tu ndio mwalimu ameingia darasani, na yupo rafiki yako alikuwa ameona ulivyokuwa unaingia shuleni na yeye alikuwa darasani, sasa anakueleza baada ya kitambo  "Ulipofika shuleni mwalimu ndio alikuwa ameingia"

 "When you reached at school, the teacher had just entered in the classroom"

Mifano mingine ni kama vile;

 "As the  policemen arrived at the house, thieves had just left."

 Vile vile tense hii hutumika wakati msimuliaji wa jambo akirejea au akisimulia kuhusu jambo fulani lililopita, katika sehemu ya maelezo itakuwa ikitumika tense hii, mfano;

       "I had just left my bed room when a guest knocked on the door, when I was talking with the guest in my sitting room, I heard sound of falling bag, in my bedroom, when I went therein, I found my clothes bag had stolen."

  "We had just put our books on our desks and left the classroom for attending our Electrical installation subject in the workshop, as we came back for another subjects, nothing was on our desks, someone had transferred our books."

 Tofauti na Present perfect past perfect haijawekewa mipaka kwa vitendo ambavyo muda wake haukutajwa, tunaweza kusema kama hivi;

When you arrived at school, the teacher had just entered in the classroom

"He had lost his bag on the 4:40 train".

 Kumbuka kuwa present perfect yaweza kutumiwa kwa maneno kama since, for, always n.k

Kwa vitendo ambavyo vilianza wakati uliopita na huenda bado vikawa vinaendelea kufanyika au ndio vimeisha sasa hivi, mfano, nimekuwa nalima hapa tangu mwaka 1992, hapa mzungumzaji alianza kulima mwaka huo, na akawa anaendelea hadi mwaka huu anaoongelea, yawezekana akawa anaongelea hili mwaka 2002, kwa mmana hiyo basi, kitendo kikawa kinaendelea hadi sasa na kimeanza zamani, na hapa nimeyaweka haya makusudi ili kukuambia kuwa, past perfect yaweza kutumika kwa vitendo vya namna hii, yaani vilivyoanza zamani au kabla ya muda wa kuongelea kitendo hicho na vikawa bado vinaendelea au ndio vimekwisha, Kumbuka sana kuwa past perfect yaweza ikatumika pia kwa vitendo ambavyo vimesimamishwa au vimesitishwa wakati fulani kabla ya wakati wa kuongea,

  mifano,

Hilal was a in uniform when I met him, he had been a Muungano primary school pupil for six  years now.

Since he was eight, Hilal had lived at Mtoni street

(N.B: Katika sentensi hiyo hapo chini, inawezekana pia kutumia past perfect progressive tense, yaani iwe kama hivi:

Since he was eight, Hilal had been living at Mtoni street.  Kwa wale ambao ni wanafunzi wenye ujuzi zaidi na wanataka kupata maelezo mengine zaidi kuhusu tense hii na matumizi yake.waangalie masomo hapo chini kabla ya  ku click hapa nakushauri kwanza lakini uendelee na maelezo hapo chini kabla hujachukua hatua hiyo

    Kila lugha ina tense zake, tense hizi zina matumizi yake kutokana na lugha unayoitumia, baadhi tu ya matumizi machache yanaweza kufanana lakini huenda mengi sana yasifanane, kwa maana hiyo basi, singependa kabisa kumuambia msomaji kuwa tense za Kiingereza huingiliana na za Kiswahili moja kwa moja, inawezekana tu baadhi ya matumizi ya tense hiyo ambayo ni machache sana yakafanana lakini siyo yote,

        Past perfect tense hutumika pale tunapotaka kuelezea kuonyesha matukio mawili au vitendo viwili ambavyo kimoja kilimalizwa wakati kingine kilikuwa kinaendelea, kwa kawaida, katika kutengeneza sentensi za namna hii yabidi tuzingatie kuwa, kuna vipande viwili vya muhimu sana kuvijua wakati wa kutengeneza sentensi za namna hii,

     Namna ya kuunda sentensi za namna hii katika mazungumzo yetu na katika kuandika kwetu tunapohitaji kutumia tense hii

       (i) Kwa Kiingereza, tujue kuwa, past perfect inayotumika katika vitendo vya namna  yoyote ile katika kutengeneza sentensi za namna hii ni neno "had".

      (ii) Tunaongezea past participle kama tulivyokuwa tukiweka katika present perfect tense

 Angalia mifano hapa chini

  I had never eaten melon until I went to my friend's home  (verbs zilizotumika ni "to see" and "to go")

 Hilal had gone to school by the time you called him.

 Kwanza kabisa kabla ya kuendelea na mifano mingine nijaribu kufafanua sentensi hizo, naanza na ile ya mwanzo hapo juu,

   Mzungumzaji anaonyesha kuwa hakuwahi kula tikiti hadi alipokwenda nyumbani kwa rafiki yake, hapa tunadhihirisha kuwa, kitendo cha kutowahi kula kilikuwa kikiendelea, lakini kitendo cha kuanza kwa mara ya kwanza kula kilikatisha kitendo cha mwanzo, na kitendo cha kutowahi kula kikaishia hapo huku cha kuwahi kula kikiendelea.

  Katika sentensi ya pili, mzungumzaji anamueleza mtu aliyekuwa akimuita Hilal kuwa, wakati ule alipokuwa akimuita Hilal, Hilal alikwisha ondoka kitambo kwenda Shuleni, hapa tunapata ujumbe kuwa, kitendo cha kwenda kilikuwa kinaendelea (kwa kuwa bado hajarudi), lakini kitendo cha kuita kilikuta ameshaondoka na bado tunasema kuwa kitendo cha kuondoka kiliacha athari na huku kitendo cha kuita kiliisha.

  Tunaendelea na mifano yetu mingine ya utunzi wa sentensi;

After I had left the room, the armed robbers entered.

Hilal had left his T-shirt by the time you called him.

It had already rained by the time I saw you, so I didn't think your clothes taken inside.

The man had eaten that  when you arrived here.

A thief had snatched her purse by the time she cried.

I had had our lunch by the time he came.

     Kumbuka kuwa, neno "have" lina maana zaidi ya mbili, maana ya kwanza ni "kuwa na" na maana ya pili ni kunywa au kula kitu, kwa maana hiyo basi, mtu asije akaogopa akikutana na neno "..had had" kama ilivyo hapo juu.kwa kuwa ni sawa na kusema, "...had eaten/drunk.." kwa mujibu wa maana hii ya pili, kumbuka kuwa past participle ya neno "have" ni "had". Na kanuni ya tense hii ni Subject + had + past participle of action verb.

    Hapo ina maana kuwa, kila unapotaka kutengeneza sentensi katika kuzungumzia jambo la tense hii inabidi kutumia kanuni hii. Ni lazima ujue Subject ni nini, kisha ujue kuwa, baada ya kutaja au kuandika subject hiyo, kinachofuatia ni past participle ya verb ya kitendo (action verb)

   Kumbuka kuwa, verb katika lugha sio Vitendo tu, verb vile vile yaweza kuwa katika hali na sio tendo, mfano

verb "to be" (is, are, am, was, were, be, been) na verb "to have" ni  (have, had)

  Kwa mengi kuhusu tense hii na matumizi yake, Click hapa

 Kabla ya kufunga somo langu, napenda niwajulishe maana za baadhi ya maneno niliyotumia humu.

left = (past participle ya neno "leave") = kuondoka, I had left at 12:00, yaani: "Nimeondoka saa sita kamili. never = kamwe, mfano; I had never done it until I went to see those who do.  melon = tikiti maji. kama hulijui hili tunda click hapa ulione kwa macho, until = mpaka, hadi, mfano: Until you tell me, I shall do it. ( Mpaka uniambie ndio nitalifanya)  call = ita, kwa mfano, You had called me when I attempted to board the school bus. (Ulikuwa umeniita wakati nilipokuwa nikipanda basi la shule) robbers = jambazi.  entered = (past participle ya neno enter/ yaani ingia) already = tayari, mfano: I have already done my home works (tayari nimefanya kazi zangu za nyumbani) rain = maana yake ni mvua, au kunyesha kutegemeana na sentensi unayotumia,) by the time= zama hizo, wakati huo. saw (past tense ya neno "see") think = dhani, fikiri; mfano, I think he will be here soon.  clothes = nguo, take = chukua, inside = ndani, arrive = wasili, here = hapa, snatched (past participle ya snatch= pora/ chukua kwa mara moja kutoka mikononi mwa aliyeshika kitu hicho kwa kumshtukiza, purse = pochi.  cry = lia, lunch = chakula cha mchana, came = (past tense ya neno"come" lenye maana ya "njoo)

 I hope to hear from you soon 

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