Articles a, an, and the.
article ni maneno yanayowekwa kabla ya jina kwa ajili
ya kulieleza/kusifia jina, na hizi huitwa adjectives
Zipo article za namna mbili, yaani ‘indefinite article’ na ‘definite article.’
‘A’ na ‘an’ hutumika kabla ya 'singular countable noun' (jina la kitu miongoni mwa vitu vihesabikavyo), mfano;
A boy, a man, a woman, an orange, an okra, an aubergine, a university na kadhaalika.
Je, tutajuaje kuwa jina litahitaji article ‘a’ au ‘an’?
Majina yanayotanguliwa na article ‘a’ ni yale yenye sifa zifuatazo;
Mfano;-
An x-ray,
An aero plane,
An umbrella,
An S-shaped figure,
An M- figured object.
An opera.
Sio vizuri kabisa kusema kuwa article ‘an’ hutumika katika herufi zinazoanzia na a au e, i, o au ‘u’, sio sahihi kusema hivyo, angalia katika mada yetu ya usomaji wa herufi za Kiingereza, utakuta kuwa, hizo hizo vowels (a, e, i, o, u) hususan ‘u’ katika maneno mengine husomeka kama ‘yu’, na ‘yu’ ni matamshi yanayoanza na consonant ‘y’. Katika habari hii, maneno kama ‘eu’ ambayo husomeka kama ‘yu’ mfano,
A European,
Hutasema an European,
hii ni kutokana na matamshi yake ya mwanzo ambayo yameingia katika sauti ya konsonant (y). kwa ufupi ni kuwa ili kufundisha article hii katika hali ya usahihi ni kusema tu kuwa, ‘an’ huitangulia noun ianzayo na herufi yenye matamshi ya vowel mwanzoni,
Na tuangalie mifano zaidi ili tuweze kulielewa zaidi somo letu.
I have got an x-ray,
That is an F- shaped road, do you know what is it for?
An L – figure.
A university student.
Wakati mwingine waweza kuona ‘an’ imetumika katika maneno kama ‘hour’, honor, kwa nini?
Bila shaka ni kwa sababu katika Lugha ya Kiingereza kuna ‘h mute’ (yaani ‘h’ bubu. Hizi ‘h’ bubu hazitamkwi kama h, bali kama vowel, yaani zina sauti ya vowel, mfano, katika neno ‘hour’ husomwa kama ‘awa’ bila ‘h’. Sio kila ‘h’ ni mute, la , bali ni baadhi tu, mathalan,
hour, honest, na baadhi ya nyingine chache sana.
I expect to spend only a half an hour.
Matumizi ya article ‘a’
Hutumika kabla ya singular/ countable noun, jina la kitu kimoja katika vyenye kuhesabika, na ambalo linaanza kwa matamshi ya konsonant, yaani (b, c, d, f, na kadhaalika) mfano
o That is a glass of water.
o This is a boy.
o I saw a girl in your room.
o There is a man outside.
Hivi ndivyo tunavyo tumika ‘a’. kumbuka kuwa ‘a’
Ø Hutumika pia kabla ya jina la mtu au kitu ambacho sio maalum, yaani kilichokuwa bado hakijaeleweka au ni mara ya kwanza kutajwa kwa msikilizaji na kuwa katika mawazo ya msikilizaji, mathalan, unataka kuzungumzia juu ya embe, sio embe maalum analolijua msikilizaji wako, mfano;
An ostrich killed by a gunman yesterday.
Would you like an orange?
There is a man standing outside.
Namna nyingine za utumiaji wa article "a"
A mango. Ikiwa na maana kuwa, embe, na hapa ina maana embe fulani,
au embe lolote.
Ø Kumbuka kuwa, ni lazima unavchokitia article ‘a’ kiwe ni katika hali ya ‘singular’ (umoja) na singular haiwi ila kwa vitu vinavyohesabika)
Huwezi kusema, a water,
Ø Hutumika kumrejea mwanachama (au mmoja katika watu) hasa katika kundi au daraja fulani, kupiga vifaa vya muziki, Mathalan
o Khalfan is a teacher.
o Hilal is trained to be an engineer,
o She wants to be a tailor.
o Hilal is a muslim.
o Jane is thorbbing a bongo.
o John plays a violin.
o He was born on a Monday.
Ø Hutumika katika kurejea katika aina ya au mfano wa kitu fulani, tazama mifano,
o The mouse had a tiny nose.
o The elephant had a long trunk.
o He has a big lorry.
o It was a very cold day.
Ø Hutumika katika singular noun (jina la umoja) baada ya neno ‘what’ na ‘such’
Mfano;
o what a wonderful!
o Hilal is such a kind boy.
o What an ignorant boy is he?
Ø Pia hutumika kama tulivyogusia hapo juu na kukumbushia kuwa, zinamaanisha kitu au mtu mmoja tu, mathalan,
A hundred, a thousand, n.k
There is an orange, three jackfruits and a lemon.
That man steal a car.
Kumbuka kuwa tunatumia namba katika kuhimiza na kutofautisha na idadi nyingine, mfano;
I don’t know one person who came here last night.
They have got ten computers but only one scanner.
Haitumiki article yeyote katika kutaja majina ya nchi, jina la mtu mmoja , wilaya, na mikoa. Wala majina ya lugha wala ya milo (ila mlo maalum wa kusherehekea tukio fulani kama tutakavyoona baadaye tukijaaliwa.
Tanzania is a good country for tourism.
Have you ever been to Kenya?
I need to have lunch at 12:00 today,
Dinner is in the evening.
Breakfast is the first meal of the day.
Sulaymaan is his father.
Definite article itatumika tunapozungumzia baadhi ya nchi, mfano;
I expect to go to the united state next year.
Pia katika mlo maalum wa kualikwa, mathalan, katika kumkaribisha balozi, sio sherehe tu zote, ni chakula maalum mathalan, kufungua mfuko wa taasisi au kumkaribisha balozi wa nchi ya kigeni na mambo kama hayo, hapo ndipo tutaweza kuitumia article kabla ya jina la mlo.
He was invited to a dinner ………..
Ø Hakuna article katika kutaja cheo na jina, ila pale tu atakapokuwa akitajwa mtu maallum aliye katika hisia, tazama hapo chini.
§ Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth’s son.
§ President Daniel Arap Moi is among of the famous leaders in Africa.
§ Dr. Muhammad is my friend.
Hapa yabidi kuzingatia kitu kimoja, article itakaa kabla ya jina la cheo ikiwa ni lenye kujulikana moja kwa moja kutokana na kuwa ndio pekee cheo cha mtajwa,
Mfano;
The pope, tumetumia article ‘the’ kwa kuwa, cheo hicho hana mtu isipokuwa huyo huyo mmoja, papa;
The queen of England yaani malkia wa Uingreza.
Ø Haiwezi kutumiwa article wakati wa kutaja kazi,
Chemistry would fit you.
Engineering is useful career.
Ø Haiwezi kutumiwa article wakati wa kutaja majina ya vitu visivyohesabika,
Sugar is essential to our lives.
Always I add milk to tea.
Ø Haiwezi kutumika vile vile kwenye majina yaliyowekewa maelekezo kama yafuatayo;
By aeroplane.
On foot.
In mosque.
In bed.
Ø Haiwezi kutumika katika jina ya la kutaja kisiwa fulani (kwa jina), milima, au mabonde, mfano;
Have you visited lake Tanganyika?
I like to climb mountain Kilimanjaro.
Ø Haiwezi kutumika katika kutaja miaka; mathalan;
It was 1975, when I was born.
Doyou remember 1980, when I started my pre-school education?
Definite article ‘the’
Hii hutumika kama ifuatavyo;
v Huweza kutumika katika umoja na vilevile katika wingi ikiwa;-
v Kitu tunachokiongelea ni kitu ambacho kinajulikana kwa msikilizaji na muongeaji, kwa mfano, nikisema ‘jua’ mwezi. Dunia, nyota, mungu n.k. Kila mtu ataelewa moja kwa moja kuwa ninachokizungumzia kikoje, kwani hakuna mfano wa vitu kama hivyo na kuwa dunia nzima inaelewa, jua ni moja, hakuna lingine, nyota zinajulikana, Mungu ni mmoja tu, hakuna mwingine, mwezi unajulikana, ni mmoja, n.k.
Kwa hiyo, naweza kusema kama ifuatavyo;
· The god almight
· The sun is shinning.
· The wind is blowing.
· The earth is round.
Na kadhaalika.
v Hutumika article ‘the’ pale ambapo mtu au kitu kilishatajwa hapo mwanzoni, na hivyo kimeshajulikana, angalia mfano hapa chini.
· There is a man outside, the man has a pistol in his hand,
· Look at the man! he is coming so fast!
· Has the man arrived yet?
·
There was a man who was
peeping through my door when I was inside, the man was tall and black,
Labda katika kuhimiza tu, naweza kusema kuwa, kwa maelezo ya sehemu hii, niliyoiandika hapo juu, article ‘the’ itatafsirika kama ‘huyo’ au ‘yule’ ya kuelezea kitu au mtu aliyekwisha tajwa,; yaani iwe kama hivi;
Mvulana yule ameshakuja hapa. (Yule mvulana amekwishakuja hapa), hii ina maana kuwa, kulikuwa na mawasiliano au mazungumzo juu ya mvulana huyo kati ya msemaji na msikilizaji wa maneno hayo; basi kwa Kiingereza, tunatumia ‘the’ kumaanisha ‘yule’ katika maneno haya.
v Hutumika article ‘the’ kuelezea sifa ya pekee ya kitu,
mfano;
That is the best way to settle peace
Kwa maelezo zaidi rejea katika superlative kwenye somo letu la adjective’
Click hapa urudi katika ukurasa mkuu
.